Ancient Torah texts on display

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http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7...062895,00.html

Fragments from Torah texts dating back to the 7th century BCE are on display as part of an exhibition of biblical artifacts in The Netherlands
By David Soesan, EJP

The exhibition “The Scripture and the Writing” in the Scryption Museum in the Dutch town of Tilburg focuses on the origins and evolution of the Bible over the centuries, highlighting the complexity of the Holy Scripture.

It features a wide range of artifacts such as samples of Egyptian papyri that describe the Jewish exile in Egypt and examples of cuneiform script that refer to the Babylonian exile. It also includes well-preserved copy of the Arab Pentateuch from 1528, a 17th century Turkish Bible, and several so-called “polyglots”, Bibles featuring different languages and scripts.

Oldest Torah texts

But the two 7th century BCE silver scrolls containing excerpts from the Bible have pride of place in the exhibition. The valuable scrolls, which are several hundred years older than the Dead Sea Scrolls, contain the oldest Torah texts in existence.

They were discovered in 1979 in the Hinnom Valley near Jerusalem by Israeli archaeologist Gabriel Barkay from Tel Aviv’s Bar-Ilan University.

After three years of meticulous work to unroll the scrolls and conserve the frail silver containers, the material was made available for scientific research. The nearly invisible writing was analysed by Bruce Zuckerman, a professor of Semitic languages at the University of Southern California who had previously worked on the deciphering of Dead Sea Scrolls.

Using a sophisticated digital photography technique, he revealed the scroll’s contents, which included a passage from the fourth book of the Old Testament and the so-called Aaronite priestly blessing.

Barkay said the discovery of this early biblical inscription is an important argument supporting an earlier dating of the Bible.

"I can at least say that these verses existed in the 7th century, the time of the Prophet Jeremiah,” Barkay said. This would make the texts hundreds of years older than the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The text on the 2.5 cm X 10 cm (0.9 inch X 3.9 inch) scrolls also revealed that the silver containers were amulets, which were worn around the neck. Because of their fragile state, the scrolls could not be removed from the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Instead, the exhibition in the Scryption features photos of the silver amulets and their contents.

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From news article:

July 22, 2005— Three ancient scrolls — one parchment and two silver — recently have been identified as containing some of the world's earliest known verses from the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Old Testament.

The discovery of two fragments of a 2,000-year-old parchment scroll in the Judean Desert was announced last week by Israeli archaeologist Chanan Eshel of Tel Aviv's Bar Ilan University.

The fragments contain verses from Leviticus, the third book of the Hebrew Bible, attributed to the tribe of Levi from which Israeli priests are said to be descended. The book consists of regulations for both the priests and their followers.

The two silver scrolls were found by Bar Ilan archaeologist Gabriel Barkay in 1979 in a cave at Ketef Hinnom near Jerusalem. It was only until recently, however, that technology made it possible for scientists to read the scrolls, which date to the 7th century B.C. and likely were worn around the neck as protective amulets.

Project leader Bruce Zuckerman told Discovery News that the scrolls not only are the oldest known Hebrew amulets, but they also are the earliest known artifacts to quote Biblical verses.

"The silver amulets are even older than the Dead Sea Scrolls,"

said Zuckerman, who is associate professor of religion at the University of Southern California.

The more than 800 documents that comprise the Dead Sea Scrolls have been dated to about 300-200 B.C., meaning they were created as much as four centuries after the amulets.

Zuckerman and his team utilized electronic cameras, specialized imaging software, and infrared systems from NASA to peer into the etched surfaces of the once-rolled silver scroll amulets.

The scrolls contain only consonants, and one is etched with the Priestly Benediction from Numbers 6:24-26.

It reads,

"May the Lord bless you and keep you; may the Lord cause his face to shine upon you and be gracious to you; may the Lord lift up his countenance upon you and grant you peace."

Zuckerman said,

"We don't yet know if the Book of Numbers existed then, or if this verse preceded it."

He added,

"We do, however, know that the same prayer also pops up in early graffiti (wall writings), which at least suggests that it would have been a familiar prayer at the time."

The other scroll reads,

"May he/she be blessed by Yahweh, the warrior/helper, and the rebuker of Evil."

Zuckerman believes the word

"rebuker"

is significant, because it echoes language used in earlier Canaanite literature describing the pagan god Baal.

It also appears in the Dead Sea Scrolls' Book of Zachariah and was used much later in exorcism rituals.

Zuckerman, who is compiling images of early Biblical texts for a USC Web site, thinks that together, the scrolls and other early documents support the theory that the Bible represents a collection of sacred materials gathered over hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of years.

"The precedent established by the editors was not to gather the most clear and consistent materials, but those that were believed to be the most sacred,"

he said.

"For example, two ideas are given for the origin of the universe. Both are included because to leave one out would have violated the sacredness of the tradition."

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